Class ControlledTransaction<DB, S>

Creates a case statement/operator.

See ExpressionBuilder.case for more information.

Creates a case statement/operator.

See ExpressionBuilder.case for more information.

Provides a kysely instance bound to a single database connection.

Examples

await db
  .connection()
  .execute(async (db) => {
    // `db` is an instance of `Kysely` that's bound to a single
    // database connection. All queries executed through `db` use
    // the same connection.
    await doStuff(db)
  })

async function doStuff(kysely: typeof db) {
  // ...
}
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Creates a delete query.

See the DeleteQueryBuilder.where method for examples on how to specify a where clause for the delete operation.

The return value of the query is an instance of DeleteResult.

Examples

Delete a single row:

const result = await db
  .deleteFrom('person')
  .where('person.id', '=', 1)
  .executeTakeFirst()

console.log(result.numDeletedRows)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

delete from "person" where "person"."id" = $1
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Some databases such as MySQL support deleting from multiple tables:

const result = await db
  .deleteFrom(['person', 'pet'])
  .using('person')
  .innerJoin('pet', 'pet.owner_id', 'person.id')
  .where('person.id', '=', 1)
  .executeTakeFirst()
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

delete from `person`, `pet`
using `person`
inner join `pet` on `pet`.`owner_id` = `person`.`id`
where `person`.`id` = ?
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Releases all resources and disconnects from the database.

You need to call this when you are done using the Kysely instance.

Executes a given compiled query or query builder.

See splitting build, compile and execute code recipe for more information.

Creates an insert query.

The return value of this query is an instance of InsertResult. InsertResult has the insertId field that holds the auto incremented id of the inserted row if the db returned one.

See the values method for more info and examples. Also see the returning method for a way to return columns on supported databases like PostgreSQL.

Examples

const result = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .executeTakeFirst()

console.log(result.insertId)
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Some databases like PostgreSQL support the returning method:

const { id } = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .returning('id')
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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Creates a merge query.

The return value of the query is a MergeResult.

See the MergeQueryBuilder.using method for examples on how to specify the other table.

Examples

Update a target column based on the existence of a source row:

const result = await db
  .mergeInto('person as target')
  .using('pet as source', 'source.owner_id', 'target.id')
  .whenMatchedAnd('target.has_pets', '!=', 'Y')
  .thenUpdateSet({ has_pets: 'Y' })
  .whenNotMatchedBySourceAnd('target.has_pets', '=', 'Y')
  .thenUpdateSet({ has_pets: 'N' })
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

console.log(result.numChangedRows)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

merge into "person"
using "pet"
on "pet"."owner_id" = "person"."id"
when matched and "has_pets" != $1
then update set "has_pets" = $2
when not matched by source and "has_pets" = $3
then update set "has_pets" = $4
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Merge new entries from a temporary changes table:

const result = await db
  .mergeInto('wine as target')
  .using(
    'wine_stock_change as source',
    'source.wine_name',
    'target.name',
  )
  .whenNotMatchedAnd('source.stock_delta', '>', 0)
  .thenInsertValues(({ ref }) => ({
    name: ref('source.wine_name'),
    stock: ref('source.stock_delta'),
  }))
  .whenMatchedAnd(
    (eb) => eb('target.stock', '+', eb.ref('source.stock_delta')),
    '>',
    0,
  )
  .thenUpdateSet('stock', (eb) =>
    eb('target.stock', '+', eb.ref('source.stock_delta')),
  )
  .whenMatched()
  .thenDelete()
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

merge into "wine" as "target"
using "wine_stock_change" as "source"
on "source"."wine_name" = "target"."name"
when not matched and "source"."stock_delta" > $1
then insert ("name", "stock") values ("source"."wine_name", "source"."stock_delta")
when matched and "target"."stock" + "source"."stock_delta" > $2
then update set "stock" = "target"."stock" + "source"."stock_delta"
when matched
then delete
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Creates a "replace into" query.

This is only supported by some dialects like MySQL or SQLite.

Similar to MySQL's InsertQueryBuilder.onDuplicateKeyUpdate that deletes and inserts values on collision instead of updating existing rows.

An alias of SQLite's InsertQueryBuilder.orReplace.

The return value of this query is an instance of InsertResult. InsertResult has the insertId field that holds the auto incremented id of the inserted row if the db returned one.

See the values method for more info and examples.

Examples

const result = await db
  .replaceInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

console.log(result.insertId)
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

replace into `person` (`first_name`, `last_name`) values (?, ?)
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Creates a select query builder for the given table or tables.

The tables passed to this method are built as the query's from clause.

Examples

Create a select query for one table:

db.selectFrom('person').selectAll()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select * from "person"
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Create a select query for one table with an alias:

const persons = await db.selectFrom('person as p')
  .select(['p.id', 'first_name'])
  .execute()

console.log(persons[0].id)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select "p"."id", "first_name" from "person" as "p"
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Create a select query from a subquery:

const persons = await db.selectFrom(
    (eb) => eb.selectFrom('person').select('person.id as identifier').as('p')
  )
  .select('p.identifier')
  .execute()

console.log(persons[0].identifier)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select "p"."identifier",
from (
  select "person"."id" as "identifier" from "person"
) as p
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Create a select query from raw sql:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const items = await db
  .selectFrom(sql<{ one: number }>`(select 1 as one)`.as('q'))
  .select('q.one')
  .execute()

console.log(items[0].one)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select "q"."one",
from (
  select 1 as one
) as q
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When you use the sql tag you need to also provide the result type of the raw snippet / query so that Kysely can figure out what columns are available for the rest of the query.

The selectFrom method also accepts an array for multiple tables. All the above examples can also be used in an array.

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const items = await db.selectFrom([
    'person as p',
    db.selectFrom('pet').select('pet.species').as('a'),
    sql<{ one: number }>`(select 1 as one)`.as('q')
  ])
  .select(['p.id', 'a.species', 'q.one'])
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select "p".id, "a"."species", "q"."one"
from
  "person" as "p",
  (select "pet"."species" from "pet") as a,
  (select 1 as one) as "q"
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Creates a select query builder without a from clause.

If you want to create a select from query, use the selectFrom method instead. This one can be used to create a plain select statement without a from clause.

This method accepts the same inputs as SelectQueryBuilder.select. See its documentation for more examples.

Examples

const result = await db.selectNoFrom((eb) => [
  eb.selectFrom('person')
    .select('id')
    .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
    .limit(1)
    .as('jennifer_id'),
  eb.selectFrom('pet')
    .select('id')
    .where('name', '=', 'Doggo')
    .limit(1)
    .as('doggo_id')
])
.executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

console.log(result.jennifer_id)
console.log(result.doggo_id)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select (
  select "id"
  from "person"
  where "first_name" = $1
  limit $2
) as "jennifer_id", (
  select "id"
  from "pet"
  where "name" = $3
  limit $4
) as "doggo_id"
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Creates a select query builder without a from clause.

If you want to create a select from query, use the selectFrom method instead. This one can be used to create a plain select statement without a from clause.

This method accepts the same inputs as SelectQueryBuilder.select. See its documentation for more examples.

Examples

const result = await db.selectNoFrom((eb) => [
  eb.selectFrom('person')
    .select('id')
    .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
    .limit(1)
    .as('jennifer_id'),
  eb.selectFrom('pet')
    .select('id')
    .where('name', '=', 'Doggo')
    .limit(1)
    .as('doggo_id')
])
.executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

console.log(result.jennifer_id)
console.log(result.doggo_id)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select (
  select "id"
  from "person"
  where "first_name" = $1
  limit $2
) as "jennifer_id", (
  select "id"
  from "pet"
  where "name" = $3
  limit $4
) as "doggo_id"
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Creates a select query builder without a from clause.

If you want to create a select from query, use the selectFrom method instead. This one can be used to create a plain select statement without a from clause.

This method accepts the same inputs as SelectQueryBuilder.select. See its documentation for more examples.

Examples

const result = await db.selectNoFrom((eb) => [
  eb.selectFrom('person')
    .select('id')
    .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
    .limit(1)
    .as('jennifer_id'),
  eb.selectFrom('pet')
    .select('id')
    .where('name', '=', 'Doggo')
    .limit(1)
    .as('doggo_id')
])
.executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

console.log(result.jennifer_id)
console.log(result.doggo_id)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

select (
  select "id"
  from "person"
  where "first_name" = $1
  limit $2
) as "jennifer_id", (
  select "id"
  from "pet"
  where "name" = $3
  limit $4
) as "doggo_id"
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Creates a ControlledTransactionBuilder that can be used to run queries inside a controlled transaction.

The returned ControlledTransactionBuilder can be used to configure the transaction. The ControlledTransactionBuilder.execute method can then be called to start the transaction and return a ControlledTransaction.

A ControlledTransaction allows you to commit and rollback manually, execute savepoint commands. It extends Transaction which extends Kysely, so you can run queries inside the transaction. Once the transaction is committed, or rolled back, it can't be used anymore - all queries will throw an error. This is to prevent accidentally running queries outside the transaction - where atomicity is not guaranteed anymore.

Examples

A controlled transaction allows you to commit and rollback manually, execute savepoint commands, and queries in general.

In this example we start a transaction, use it to insert two rows and then commit the transaction. If an error is thrown, we catch it and rollback the transaction.

const trx = await db.startTransaction().execute()

try {
  const jennifer = await trx.insertInto('person')
    .values({
      first_name: 'Jennifer',
      last_name: 'Aniston',
      age: 40,
    })
    .returning('id')
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

  const catto = await trx.insertInto('pet')
    .values({
      owner_id: jennifer.id,
      name: 'Catto',
      species: 'cat',
      is_favorite: false,
    })
    .returningAll()
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

  await trx.commit().execute()

  // ...
} catch (error) {
  await trx.rollback().execute()
}
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A controlled transaction allows you to commit and rollback manually, execute savepoint commands, and queries in general.

In this example we start a transaction, insert a person, create a savepoint, try inserting a toy and a pet, and if an error is thrown, we rollback to the savepoint. Eventually we release the savepoint, insert an audit record and commit the transaction. If an error is thrown, we catch it and rollback the transaction.

const trx = await db.startTransaction().execute()

try {
  const jennifer = await trx
    .insertInto('person')
    .values({
      first_name: 'Jennifer',
      last_name: 'Aniston',
      age: 40,
    })
    .returning('id')
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

  const trxAfterJennifer = await trx.savepoint('after_jennifer').execute()

  try {
    const catto = await trxAfterJennifer
      .insertInto('pet')
      .values({
        owner_id: jennifer.id,
        name: 'Catto',
        species: 'cat',
      })
      .returning('id')
      .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

    await trxAfterJennifer
      .insertInto('toy')
      .values({ name: 'Bone', price: 1.99, pet_id: catto.id })
      .execute()
  } catch (error) {
    await trxAfterJennifer.rollbackToSavepoint('after_jennifer').execute()
  }

  await trxAfterJennifer.releaseSavepoint('after_jennifer').execute()

  await trx.insertInto('audit').values({ action: 'added Jennifer' }).execute()

  await trx.commit().execute()
} catch (error) {
  await trx.rollback().execute()
}
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Creates a TransactionBuilder that can be used to run queries inside a transaction.

The returned TransactionBuilder can be used to configure the transaction. The TransactionBuilder.execute method can then be called to run the transaction. TransactionBuilder.execute takes a function that is run inside the transaction. If the function throws an exception,

1. the exception is caught,
2. the transaction is rolled back, and
3. the exception is thrown again. Otherwise the transaction is committed.

The callback function passed to the execute method gets the transaction object as its only argument. The transaction is of type Transaction which inherits Kysely. Any query started through the transaction object is executed inside the transaction.

To run a controlled transaction, allowing you to commit and rollback manually, use startTransaction instead.

Examples

This example inserts two rows in a transaction. If an exception is thrown inside the callback passed to the execute method,

1. the exception is caught,
2. the transaction is rolled back, and
3. the exception is thrown again. Otherwise the transaction is committed.

const catto = await db.transaction().execute(async (trx) => {
  const jennifer = await trx.insertInto('person')
    .values({
      first_name: 'Jennifer',
      last_name: 'Aniston',
      age: 40,
    })
    .returning('id')
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

  return await trx.insertInto('pet')
    .values({
      owner_id: jennifer.id,
      name: 'Catto',
      species: 'cat',
      is_favorite: false,
    })
    .returningAll()
    .executeTakeFirst()
})
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Setting the isolation level:

import type { Kysely } from 'kysely'

await db
  .transaction()
  .setIsolationLevel('serializable')
  .execute(async (trx) => {
    await doStuff(trx)
  })

async function doStuff(kysely: typeof db) {
  // ...
}
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Creates an update query.

See the UpdateQueryBuilder.where method for examples on how to specify a where clause for the update operation.

See the UpdateQueryBuilder.set method for examples on how to specify the updates.

The return value of the query is an UpdateResult.

Examples

const result = await db
  .updateTable('person')
  .set({ first_name: 'Jennifer' })
  .where('person.id', '=', 1)
  .executeTakeFirst()

console.log(result.numUpdatedRows)
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Creates a with query (Common Table Expression).

Examples

Common table expressions (CTE) are a great way to modularize complex queries. Essentially they allow you to run multiple separate queries within a single roundtrip to the DB.

Since CTEs are a part of the main query, query optimizers inside DB engines are able to optimize the overall query. For example, postgres is able to inline the CTEs inside the using queries if it decides it's faster.

const result = await db
  // Create a CTE called `jennifers` that selects all
  // persons named 'Jennifer'.
  .with('jennifers', (db) => db
    .selectFrom('person')
    .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
    .select(['id', 'age'])
  )
  // Select all rows from the `jennifers` CTE and
  // further filter it.
  .with('adult_jennifers', (db) => db
    .selectFrom('jennifers')
    .where('age', '>', 18)
    .select(['id', 'age'])
  )
  // Finally select all adult jennifers that are
  // also younger than 60.
  .selectFrom('adult_jennifers')
  .where('age', '<', 60)
  .selectAll()
  .execute()
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Some databases like postgres also allow you to run other queries than selects in CTEs. On these databases CTEs are extremely powerful:

const result = await db
  .with('new_person', (db) => db
    .insertInto('person')
    .values({
      first_name: 'Jennifer',
      age: 35,
    })
    .returning('id')
  )
  .with('new_pet', (db) => db
    .insertInto('pet')
    .values({
      name: 'Doggo',
      species: 'dog',
      is_favorite: true,
      // Use the id of the person we just inserted.
      owner_id: db
        .selectFrom('new_person')
        .select('id')
    })
    .returning('id')
  )
  .selectFrom(['new_person', 'new_pet'])
  .select([
    'new_person.id as person_id',
    'new_pet.id as pet_id'
  ])
  .execute()
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The CTE name can optionally specify column names in addition to a name. In that case Kysely requires the expression to retun rows with the same columns.

await db
  .with('jennifers(id, age)', (db) => db
    .selectFrom('person')
    .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
    // This is ok since we return columns with the same
    // names as specified by `jennifers(id, age)`.
    .select(['id', 'age'])
  )
  .selectFrom('jennifers')
  .selectAll()
  .execute()
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The first argument can also be a callback. The callback is passed a CTEBuilder instance that can be used to configure the CTE:

await db
  .with(
    (cte) => cte('jennifers').materialized(),
    (db) => db
      .selectFrom('person')
      .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
      .select(['id', 'age'])
  )
  .selectFrom('jennifers')
  .selectAll()
  .execute()
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Creates a recursive with query (Common Table Expression).

Note that recursiveness is a property of the whole with statement. You cannot have recursive and non-recursive CTEs in a same with statement. Therefore the recursiveness is determined by the first with or withRecusive call you make.

See the with method for examples and more documentation.