Class InsertQueryBuilder<DB, TB, O>

Asserts that query's output row type equals the given type T.

This method can be used to simplify excessively complex types to make TypeScript happy and much faster.

Kysely uses complex type magic to achieve its type safety. This complexity is sometimes too much for TypeScript and you get errors like this:

error TS2589: Type instantiation is excessively deep and possibly infinite.
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In these case you can often use this method to help TypeScript a little bit. When you use this method to assert the output type of a query, Kysely can drop the complex output type that consists of multiple nested helper types and replace it with the simple asserted type.

Using this method doesn't reduce type safety at all. You have to pass in a type that is structurally equal to the current type.

Examples

import type { NewPerson, NewPet, Species } from 'type-editor' // imaginary module

async function insertPersonAndPet(person: NewPerson, pet: Omit<NewPet, 'owner_id'>) {
  return await db
    .with('new_person', (qb) => qb
      .insertInto('person')
      .values(person)
      .returning('id')
      .$assertType<{ id: number }>()
    )
    .with('new_pet', (qb) => qb
      .insertInto('pet')
      .values((eb) => ({
        owner_id: eb.selectFrom('new_person').select('id'),
        ...pet
      }))
      .returning(['name as pet_name', 'species'])
      .$assertType<{ pet_name: string, species: Species }>()
    )
    .selectFrom(['new_person', 'new_pet'])
    .selectAll()
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
}
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Simply calls the provided function passing this as the only argument. $call returns what the provided function returns.

If you want to conditionally call a method on this, see the $if method.

Examples

The next example uses a helper function log to log a query:

import type { Compilable } from 'kysely'

function log<T extends Compilable>(qb: T): T {
  console.log(qb.compile())
  return qb
}

await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({ first_name: 'John', last_name: 'Doe', gender: 'male' })
  .$call(log)
  .execute()
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Change the output type of the query.

This method call doesn't change the SQL in any way. This methods simply returns a copy of this InsertQueryBuilder with a new output type.

Call func(this) if condition is true.

This method is especially handy with optional selects. Any returning or returningAll method calls add columns as optional fields to the output type when called inside the func callback. This is because we can't know if those selections were actually made before running the code.

You can also call any other methods inside the callback.

Examples

import type { NewPerson } from 'type-editor' // imaginary module

async function insertPerson(values: NewPerson, returnLastName: boolean) {
  return await db
    .insertInto('person')
    .values(values)
    .returning(['id', 'first_name'])
    .$if(returnLastName, (qb) => qb.returning('last_name'))
    .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
}
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Any selections added inside the if callback will be added as optional fields to the output type since we can't know if the selections were actually made before running the code. In the example above the return type of the insertPerson function is:

Promise<{
  id: number
  first_name: string
  last_name?: string
}>
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Narrows (parts of) the output type of the query.

Kysely tries to be as type-safe as possible, but in some cases we have to make compromises for better maintainability and compilation performance. At present, Kysely doesn't narrow the output type of the query based on values input when using returning or returningAll.

This utility method is very useful for these situations, as it removes unncessary runtime assertion/guard code. Its input type is limited to the output type of the query, so you can't add a column that doesn't exist, or change a column's type to something that doesn't exist in its union type.

Examples

Turn this code:

import type { Person } from 'type-editor' // imaginary module

const person = await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male',
    nullable_column: 'hell yeah!'
  })
  .returningAll()
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

if (isWithNoNullValue(person)) {
  functionThatExpectsPersonWithNonNullValue(person)
}

function isWithNoNullValue(person: Person): person is Person & { nullable_column: string } {
  return person.nullable_column != null
}
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Into this:

import type { NotNull } from 'kysely'

const person = await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male',
    nullable_column: 'hell yeah!'
  })
  .returningAll()
  .$narrowType<{ nullable_column: NotNull }>()
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()

functionThatExpectsPersonWithNonNullValue(person)
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Clears all returning clauses from the query.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({ first_name: 'James', last_name: 'Smith', gender: 'male' })
  .returning(['first_name'])
  .clearReturning()
  .execute()
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The generated SQL(PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values ($1, $2, $3)
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Sets the columns to insert.

The values method sets both the columns and the values and this method is not needed. But if you are using the expression method, you can use this method to set the columns to insert.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .columns(['first_name'])
  .expression((eb) => eb.selectFrom('pet').select('pet.name'))
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name")
select "pet"."name" from "pet"
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Creates an insert into "person" default values query.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .defaultValues()
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" default values
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Executes the query and returns an array of rows.

Also see the executeTakeFirst and executeTakeFirstOrThrow methods.

Executes the query and returns the first result or undefined if the query returned no result.

Executes the query and returns the first result or throws if the query returned no result.

By default an instance of NoResultError is thrown, but you can provide a custom error class, or callback as the only argument to throw a different error.

Executes query with explain statement before the main query.

const explained = await db
 .selectFrom('person')
 .where('gender', '=', 'female')
 .selectAll()
 .explain('json')
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

explain format=json select * from `person` where `gender` = ?
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You can also execute explain analyze statements.

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const explained = await db
 .selectFrom('person')
 .where('gender', '=', 'female')
 .selectAll()
 .explain('json', sql`analyze`)
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

explain (analyze, format json) select * from "person" where "gender" = $1
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Insert an arbitrary expression. For example the result of a select query.

Examples

You can create an INSERT INTO SELECT FROM query using the expression method. This API doesn't follow our WYSIWYG principles and might be a bit difficult to remember. The reasons for this design stem from implementation difficulties.

const result = await db.insertInto('person')
  .columns(['first_name', 'last_name', 'age'])
  .expression((eb) => eb
    .selectFrom('pet')
    .select((eb) => [
      'pet.name',
      eb.val('Petson').as('last_name'),
      eb.lit(7).as('age'),
    ])
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "age")
select "pet"."name", $1 as "last_name", 7 as "age from "pet"
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Changes an insert into query to an insert ignore into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like MySQL.

To avoid a footgun, when invoked with the SQLite dialect, this method will be handled like orIgnore. See also, orAbort, orFail, orReplace, and orRollback.

If you use the ignore modifier, ignorable errors that occur while executing the insert statement are ignored. For example, without ignore, a row that duplicates an existing unique index or primary key value in the table causes a duplicate-key error and the statement is aborted. With ignore, the row is discarded and no error occurs.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .ignore()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

insert ignore into `person` (`first_name`, `last_name`, `gender`) values (?, ?, ?)
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or ignore into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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This can be used to add any additional SQL to the end of the query.

Examples

import { sql } from 'kysely'

await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male',
  })
  .modifyEnd(sql`-- This is a comment`)
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

insert into `person` ("first_name", "last_name", "gender")
values (?, ?, ?) -- This is a comment
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Adds an on conflict clause to the query.

on conflict is only supported by some dialects like PostgreSQL and SQLite. On MySQL you can use ignore and onDuplicateKeyUpdate to achieve similar results.

Examples

await db
  .insertInto('pet')
  .values({
    name: 'Catto',
    species: 'cat',
    owner_id: 3,
  })
  .onConflict((oc) => oc
    .column('name')
    .doUpdateSet({ species: 'hamster' })
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "pet" ("name", "species", "owner_id")
values ($1, $2, $3)
on conflict ("name")
do update set "species" = $4
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You can provide the name of the constraint instead of a column name:

await db
  .insertInto('pet')
  .values({
    name: 'Catto',
    species: 'cat',
    owner_id: 3,
  })
  .onConflict((oc) => oc
    .constraint('pet_name_key')
    .doUpdateSet({ species: 'hamster' })
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "pet" ("name", "species", "owner_id")
values ($1, $2, $3)
on conflict on constraint "pet_name_key"
do update set "species" = $4
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You can also specify an expression as the conflict target in case the unique index is an expression index:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

await db
  .insertInto('pet')
  .values({
    name: 'Catto',
    species: 'cat',
    owner_id: 3,
  })
  .onConflict((oc) => oc
    .expression(sql<string>`lower(name)`)
    .doUpdateSet({ species: 'hamster' })
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "pet" ("name", "species", "owner_id")
values ($1, $2, $3)
on conflict (lower(name))
do update set "species" = $4
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You can add a filter for the update statement like this:

await db
  .insertInto('pet')
  .values({
    name: 'Catto',
    species: 'cat',
    owner_id: 3,
  })
  .onConflict((oc) => oc
    .column('name')
    .doUpdateSet({ species: 'hamster' })
    .where('excluded.name', '!=', 'Catto')
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "pet" ("name", "species", "owner_id")
values ($1, $2, $3)
on conflict ("name")
do update set "species" = $4
where "excluded"."name" != $5
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You can create an on conflict do nothing clauses like this:

await db
  .insertInto('pet')
  .values({
    name: 'Catto',
    species: 'cat',
    owner_id: 3,
  })
  .onConflict((oc) => oc
    .column('name')
    .doNothing()
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "pet" ("name", "species", "owner_id")
values ($1, $2, $3)
on conflict ("name") do nothing
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You can refer to the columns of the virtual excluded table in a type-safe way using a callback and the ref method of ExpressionBuilder:

await db.insertInto('person')
  .values({
    id: 1,
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male',
  })
  .onConflict(oc => oc
    .column('id')
    .doUpdateSet({
      first_name: (eb) => eb.ref('excluded.first_name'),
      last_name: (eb) => eb.ref('excluded.last_name')
    })
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("id", "first_name", "last_name", "gender")
values ($1, $2, $3, $4)
on conflict ("id")
do update set
 "first_name" = "excluded"."first_name",
 "last_name" = "excluded"."last_name"
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Adds on duplicate key update to the query.

If you specify on duplicate key update, and a row is inserted that would cause a duplicate value in a unique index or primary key, an update of the old row occurs.

This is only implemented by some dialects like MySQL. On most dialects you should use onConflict instead.

Examples

await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    id: 1,
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male',
  })
  .onDuplicateKeyUpdate({ updated_at: new Date().toISOString() })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

insert into `person` (`id`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `gender`)
values (?, ?, ?, ?)
on duplicate key update `updated_at` = ?
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Changes an insert into query to an insert or abort into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like SQLite.

See also, orIgnore, orFail, orReplace, and orRollback.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .orAbort()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or abort into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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Changes an insert into query to an insert or fail into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like SQLite.

See also, orIgnore, orAbort, orReplace, and orRollback.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .orFail()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or fail into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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Changes an insert into query to an insert or ignore into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like SQLite.

To avoid a footgun, when invoked with the MySQL dialect, this method will be handled like ignore.

See also, orAbort, orFail, orReplace, and orRollback.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .orIgnore()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or ignore into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

insert ignore into `person` (`first_name`, `last_name`, `gender`) values (?, ?, ?)
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Changes an insert into query to an insert or replace into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like SQLite.

You can also use Kysely.replaceInto to achieve the same result.

See also, orIgnore, orAbort, orFail, and orRollback.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .orReplace()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or replace into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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Changes an insert into query to an insert or rollback into query.

This is only supported by some dialects like SQLite.

See also, orIgnore, orAbort, orFail, and orReplace.

Examples

await db.insertInto('person')
  .orRollback()
  .values({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (SQLite):

insert or rollback into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender") values (?, ?, ?)
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Allows you to return data from modified rows.

On supported databases like MS SQL Server (MSSQL), this method can be chained to insert, update, delete and merge queries to return data.

Also see the outputAll method.

Examples

Return one column:

const { id } = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .output('inserted.id')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston',
    gender: 'female',
  })
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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The generated SQL (MSSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "gender")
output "inserted"."id"
values (@1, @2, @3)
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Return multiple columns:

const { old_first_name, old_last_name, new_first_name, new_last_name } = await db
  .updateTable('person')
  .set({ first_name: 'John', last_name: 'Doe' })
  .output([
    'deleted.first_name as old_first_name',
    'deleted.last_name as old_last_name',
    'inserted.first_name as new_first_name',
    'inserted.last_name as new_last_name',
  ])
  .where('created_at', '<', new Date())
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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The generated SQL (MSSQL):

update "person"
set "first_name" = @1, "last_name" = @2
output "deleted"."first_name" as "old_first_name",
  "deleted"."last_name" as "old_last_name",
  "inserted"."first_name" as "new_first_name",
  "inserted"."last_name" as "new_last_name"
where "created_at" < @3
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Return arbitrary expressions:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const { full_name } = await db
  .deleteFrom('person')
  .output((eb) => sql<string>`concat(${eb.ref('deleted.first_name')}, ' ', ${eb.ref('deleted.last_name')})`.as('full_name'))
  .where('created_at', '<', new Date())
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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The generated SQL (MSSQL):

delete from "person"
output concat("deleted"."first_name", ' ', "deleted"."last_name") as "full_name"
where "created_at" < @1
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Return the action performed on the row:

await db
  .mergeInto('person')
  .using('pet', 'pet.owner_id', 'person.id')
  .whenMatched()
  .thenDelete()
  .whenNotMatched()
  .thenInsertValues({
    first_name: 'John',
    last_name: 'Doe',
    gender: 'male'
  })
  .output([
    'inserted.id as inserted_id',
    'deleted.id as deleted_id',
  ])
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MSSQL):

merge into "person"
using "pet" on "pet"."owner_id" = "person"."id"
when matched then delete
when not matched then
insert ("first_name", "last_name", "gender")
values (@1, @2, @3)
output "inserted"."id" as "inserted_id", "deleted"."id" as "deleted_id"
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Adds an output {prefix}.* to an insert/update/delete/merge query on databases that support output such as MS SQL Server (MSSQL).

Also see the output method.

Allows you to return data from modified rows.

On supported databases like PostgreSQL, this method can be chained to insert, update, delete and merge queries to return data.

Note that on SQLite you need to give aliases for the expressions to avoid this bug in SQLite. For example .returning('id as id').

Also see the returningAll method.

Examples

Return one column:

const { id } = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .returning('id')
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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Return multiple columns:

const { id, last_name } = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .returning(['id', 'last_name'])
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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Return arbitrary expressions:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const { id, full_name, first_pet_id } = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston'
  })
  .returning((eb) => [
    'id as id',
    sql<string>`concat(first_name, ' ', last_name)`.as('full_name'),
    eb.selectFrom('pet').select('pet.id').limit(1).as('first_pet_id')
  ])
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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Adds a returning * to an insert/update/delete/merge query on databases that support returning such as PostgreSQL.

Also see the returning method.

Executes the query and streams the rows.

The optional argument chunkSize defines how many rows to fetch from the database at a time. It only affects some dialects like PostgreSQL that support it.

Examples

const stream = db
  .selectFrom('person')
  .select(['first_name', 'last_name'])
  .where('gender', '=', 'other')
  .stream()

for await (const person of stream) {
  console.log(person.first_name)

  if (person.last_name === 'Something') {
    // Breaking or returning before the stream has ended will release
    // the database connection and invalidate the stream.
    break
  }
}
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Changes an insert into query to an insert top into query.

top clause is only supported by some dialects like MS SQL Server.

Examples

Insert the first 5 rows:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

await db.insertInto('person')
  .top(5)
  .columns(['first_name', 'gender'])
  .expression(
    (eb) => eb.selectFrom('pet').select(['name', sql.lit('other').as('gender')])
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MS SQL Server):

insert top(5) into "person" ("first_name", "gender") select "name", 'other' as "gender" from "pet"
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Insert the first 50 percent of rows:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

await db.insertInto('person')
  .top(50, 'percent')
  .columns(['first_name', 'gender'])
  .expression(
    (eb) => eb.selectFrom('pet').select(['name', sql.lit('other').as('gender')])
  )
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (MS SQL Server):

insert top(50) percent into "person" ("first_name", "gender") select "name", 'other' as "gender" from "pet"
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Sets the values to insert for an insert query.

This method takes an object whose keys are column names and values are values to insert. In addition to the column's type, the values can be raw sql snippets or select queries.

You must provide all fields you haven't explicitly marked as nullable or optional using Generated or ColumnType.

The return value of an insert query is an instance of InsertResult. The insertId field holds the auto incremented primary key if the database returned one.

On PostgreSQL and some other dialects, you need to call returning to get something out of the query.

Also see the expression method for inserting the result of a select query or any other expression.

Examples

Insert a single row:

const result = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston',
    age: 40
  })
  .executeTakeFirst()

// `insertId` is only available on dialects that
// automatically return the id of the inserted row
// such as MySQL and SQLite. On PostgreSQL, for example,
// you need to add a `returning` clause to the query to
// get anything out. See the "returning data" example.
console.log(result.insertId)
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The generated SQL (MySQL):

insert into `person` (`first_name`, `last_name`, `age`) values (?, ?, ?)
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On dialects that support it (for example PostgreSQL) you can insert multiple rows by providing an array. Note that the return value is once again very dialect-specific. Some databases may only return the id of the last inserted row and some return nothing at all unless you call returning.

await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values([{
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston',
    age: 40,
  }, {
    first_name: 'Arnold',
    last_name: 'Schwarzenegger',
    age: 70,
  }])
  .execute()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "age") values (($1, $2, $3), ($4, $5, $6))
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On supported dialects like PostgreSQL you need to chain returning to the query to get the inserted row's columns (or any other expression) as the return value. returning works just like select. Refer to select method's examples and documentation for more info.

const result = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: 'Aniston',
    age: 40,
  })
  .returning(['id', 'first_name as name'])
  .executeTakeFirstOrThrow()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" ("first_name", "last_name", "age") values ($1, $2, $3) returning "id", "first_name" as "name"
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In addition to primitives, the values can also be arbitrary expressions. You can build the expressions by using a callback and calling the methods on the expression builder passed to it:

import { sql } from 'kysely'

const ani = "Ani"
const ston = "ston"

const result = await db
  .insertInto('person')
  .values(({ ref, selectFrom, fn }) => ({
    first_name: 'Jennifer',
    last_name: sql<string>`concat(${ani}, ${ston})`,
    middle_name: ref('first_name'),
    age: selectFrom('person')
      .select(fn.avg<number>('age').as('avg_age')),
  }))
  .executeTakeFirst()
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The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

insert into "person" (
  "first_name",
  "last_name",
  "middle_name",
  "age"
)
values (
  $1,
  concat($2, $3),
  "first_name",
  (select avg("age") as "avg_age" from "person")
)
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You can also use the callback version of subqueries or raw expressions:

await db.with('jennifer', (db) => db
  .selectFrom('person')
  .where('first_name', '=', 'Jennifer')
  .select(['id', 'first_name', 'gender'])
  .limit(1)
).insertInto('pet').values((eb) => ({
  owner_id: eb.selectFrom('jennifer').select('id'),
  name: eb.selectFrom('jennifer').select('first_name'),
  species: 'cat',
}))
.execute()
Copy

The generated SQL (PostgreSQL):

with "jennifer" as (
  select "id", "first_name", "gender"
  from "person"
  where "first_name" = $1
  limit $2
)
insert into "pet" ("owner_id", "name", "species")
values (
 (select "id" from "jennifer"),
 (select "first_name" from "jennifer"),
 $3
)
Copy

Returns a copy of this InsertQueryBuilder instance with the given plugin installed.